Obstetrics and gynecology is concerned with the care of pregnant woman, her unborn child and the management of diseases specific to women. The specialty combines medicine and surgery.
Common procedures/interventions:
Obstetrics:
Within obstetrics, most of the care of low risk mothers and uncomplicated deliveries are performed by midwives.
About 35% of births are undertaken by an obstetrician, usually for more complex cases or if the baby becomes distressed during labour. Their work includes:
- using instruments to assist delivery – including forceps or a ventouse (vacuum-assisted delivery)
- performing caesarean sections, either as a planned or emergency procedure
- Gynecology
Within gynaecology procedures include:
- carrying out surgical interventions following miscarriage
- treating abnormal bleeding and polyps
- major surgery for gynaecological cancers
- minimal access surgery for problems including endometriosis
Keyhole or minimal access surgery is now commonplace and has many advantages.
Assisted reproduction (fertility treatment) has helped many thousands of women have a family, which would not have been possible in the last generation.
Associated sub-specialties
Sub-specialties include:
- maternal and fetal medicine
- gynaecological oncology
- urogynaecology
- reproductive medicine
- sexual and reproductive healthcare
Abnormalities and complications of labor and delivery should be diagnosed and managed as early as possible.
Most of the following complications are evident before onset of labor:
- Multifetal pregnancy
- Postterm pregnancy
- Premature rupture of membranes
- Abnormal fetal presentation
Some of the following complications develop or become evident during labor or delivery:
- Amniotic fluid embolism
- Shoulder dystocia
- Fetopelvic disproportion
- Preterm labor
- Protracted labor
- Umbilical cord prolapse
- Uterine rupture (rare)
Some complications may require alternatives to spontaneous labor and vaginal delivery. Alternatives include
- Induction of labor
- Operative vaginal delivery
- Cesarean delivery
The neonatal care team should be informed when alternative delivery methods are used so they can be ready to treat any neonatal complications.
Some complications (eg, postpartum hemorrhage, inverted uterus) occur immediately after delivery of the fetus and around the time the placenta is delivered.
Some placental abnormalities, such as placenta accreta, may be discovered during pregnancy or only after delivery.
For more details, PS: https://clinicalcasereports.conferenceseries.com/call-for-abstracts.php
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